The presence of therapy dogs in educational settings has moved beyond novelty to become a research-backed intervention with measurable benefits. At School Dogs LLC, we’re committed to not just implementing therapy dog programs but systematically evaluating their impact on educational outcomes. This article explores the research behind therapy dogs in schools and provides frameworks for measuring their effectiveness across multiple dimensions.
Research on Therapy Dogs and Academic Performance
The connection between therapy dogs and improved academic outcomes is supported by a growing body of research.
Reading Performance Improvements
Multiple studies have demonstrated significant benefits in reading programs that incorporate therapy dogs:
Reading Rate and Fluency Research by Kirnan et al. (2016) found that students participating in canine-assisted reading programs demonstrated:
- 12-20% increase in oral reading fluency compared to control groups
- Greater willingness to read challenging texts
- Higher reading comprehension scores
- Increased reading rate while maintaining accuracy
Reading Motivation and Engagement Studies from the University of British Columbia (Rousseau & Tardif-Williams, 2019) revealed:
- 30% increase in voluntary reading time when dogs were present
- Higher self-selected reading difficulty levels
- Increased persistence through challenging passages
- Greater expression and prosody during oral reading
Reading Confidence Development Research on reading confidence (Jalongo, 2005; Lane & Zavada, 2013) shows:
- Reduced self-consciousness about reading errors
- Increased willingness to read aloud in class following dog reading sessions
- Improved self-perception as readers
- Greater risk-taking in attempting unfamiliar words
The research consistently demonstrates that reading to dogs creates a non-judgmental atmosphere that allows students to practice crucial literacy skills without fear of criticism, leading to accelerated progress.
Math Anxiety Reduction
Emerging research suggests therapy dogs can also impact mathematical performance:
Reduced Math Anxiety Studies of math interventions (Kropp & Shupp, 2017) demonstrated:
- Decreased physiological markers of stress during math assessment
- Lower self-reported anxiety before math tests
- Improved performance on timed math assessments
- Better retention of mathematical concepts
Engagement in STEM Activities Programs integrating therapy dogs into STEM education show:
- Increased participation in mathematical discussions
- Higher completion rates for challenging problems
- Improved attitudes toward mathematics
- Greater persistence in problem-solving activities
Executive Function Enhancement
Perhaps most significantly, therapy dogs appear to support the development of executive function skills crucial for academic success:
Attention and Focus Research on attention (Gee et al., 2015) found:
- Extended focus duration during learning tasks when dogs were present
- Fewer off-task behaviors during instructional time
- Improved ability to filter distractions
- Better task completion rates
Cognitive Flexibility Studies examining flexibility and problem-solving show:
- Enhanced ability to shift between different cognitive tasks
- Improved adaptation to changing instructions
- Greater creativity in solution-finding
- Better perspective-taking abilities
These foundational executive function improvements create cascading benefits across multiple academic areas, supporting overall achievement gains.
Social-Emotional Benefits for Students and Staff
Beyond academic metrics, therapy dogs demonstrate significant impact on the social-emotional elements that underpin learning readiness.
Student Emotional Regulation
The presence of therapy dogs helps students develop critical emotional regulation skills:
Stress Reduction Physiological studies consistently show:
- Decreased cortisol levels (25-30% reduction in some studies)
- Lowered blood pressure and heart rate during stressful academic situations
- Reduced self-reported stress and anxiety
- Faster recovery from emotional upsets
Mood Enhancement Research on emotional states demonstrates:
- Increased oxytocin release during dog interactions
- Elevated positive affect measures
- Decreased symptoms of depression in at-risk students
- Greater emotional resilience following setbacks
Self-Regulation Development Longitudinal studies reveal:
- Improved ability to identify emotional states
- Enhanced coping strategy implementation
- Better impulse control in challenging situations
- Increased emotional vocabulary and expression
School Climate Improvement
The benefits extend beyond individual students to affect overall school climate:
Attendance Improvements Schools implementing therapy dog programs report:
- Reduced absenteeism (5-15% in some studies)
- Decreased tardiness rates
- Higher student-reported enthusiasm about coming to school
- Reduced school refusal behaviors in anxious students
Discipline Referral Reduction Data from schools with established therapy dog programs show:
- Fewer behavioral incidents requiring disciplinary action
- Reduced aggressive interactions between students
- Lower rates of disruptive classroom behavior
- Decreased bullying incidents
- More effective de-escalation during emotional episodes
School Connectedness Research on school belonging indicates:
- Increased sense of community among students
- Stronger student-teacher relationships
- Greater parent engagement and school visitation
- Enhanced perception of school as a positive environment
- Improved transitions for new students
Staff Wellbeing Enhancement
The benefits of therapy dogs extend to teachers and school staff:
Teacher Stress Reduction Studies examining staff wellbeing show:
- Lower burnout rates in schools with therapy dog programs
- Reduced self-reported stress levels
- Improved job satisfaction measures
- Decreased absenteeism among teaching staff
Staff-Student Relationship Quality Research demonstrates that therapy dogs often function as social catalysts:
- More positive interactions between staff and students
- Increased student perception of teacher approachability
- Enhanced communication between students and staff
- Greater disclosure of concerns to counseling staff
- Improved rapport building, particularly with resistant students
Case Studies from School Dogs LLC Placements
The research findings are validated by our experiences implementing therapy dog programs in diverse educational settings.
Elementary Reading Intervention: Maple’s Impact
Maple, an Australian Labradoodle from Adams Farm, was placed as a reading support dog at Westbrook Elementary. A systematic evaluation of her program revealed:
Quantitative Outcomes:
- 35% increase in reading fluency scores among participating 2nd graders
- 28% improvement in reading comprehension measures
- 42% reduction in reading anxiety self-assessment scores
- 89% of participating students showed improved reading attitudes
Qualitative Feedback:
- “Maple never corrects me when I mess up. She just listens.” – 2nd grade student
- “Students who were reluctant readers now volunteer to read aloud in class.” – 3rd grade teacher
- “My daughter asks to practice reading at home so she can read better to Maple.” – Parent
Implementation Keys to Success:
- Structured 20-minute reading sessions twice weekly
- Consistent handler protocols for all sessions
- Data collection integrated into program design
- Regular progress assessment and program adjustments
Middle School Counseling Support: Cooper’s Story
Cooper, a therapy dog working with the counseling department at Hillside Middle School, participated in both individual and group sessions. His impact was measured through multiple metrics:
Quantitative Outcomes:
- 64% of students reported feeling more comfortable discussing difficult topics with Cooper present
- Counseling session attendance increased by 27%
- Disciplinary referrals decreased by 18% school-wide
- Anxiety levels (measured by standardized assessments) decreased by 31% for regular participants
Qualitative Observations:
- “Cooper provides a focus point when emotions get overwhelming.” – School Counselor
- “Having Cooper present helped me tell my story without freezing up.” – 8th grade student
- “The dog gives students something to talk about first, which opens the door to deeper conversations.” – Social Worker
Implementation Keys to Success:
- Clear protocols for counseling session integration
- Appropriate breaks and rest periods for Cooper
- Ongoing handler-counselor collaboration
- Regular assessment of program effectiveness
High School Stress Management: Bailey’s Program
Bailey, a therapy dog supporting a high school wellness initiative, worked primarily during high-stress periods like exams, college application season, and during difficult school events:
Quantitative Outcomes:
- 22% reduction in nurse visits during exam periods
- 17% decrease in reported test anxiety
- 29% improvement in executive function measures during stressful periods
- 47% of students reported using dog-inspired calming strategies in other contexts
Qualitative Feedback:
- “Just five minutes petting Bailey before my AP exam helped me focus better.” – 11th grade student
- “Students who interact with Bailey return to class more ready to learn.” – Assistant Principal
- “Having scheduled therapy dog sessions gives students something positive to look forward to during stressful weeks.” – School Psychologist
Implementation Keys to Success:
- Strategic scheduling during high-stress periods
- Integration with broader wellness curriculum
- Collaboration between counseling staff and handlers
- Data-driven program adaptation
Metrics for Assessing Program Success
Based on our experience and research, we recommend the following metrics for evaluating therapy dog programs:
Academic Performance Indicators
Direct Measures:
- Standardized test performance
- Reading fluency assessments
- Assignment completion rates
- Grades in supported subject areas
- Lexile level progression
- Project quality evaluations
Indirect Indicators:
- Time on task measurements
- Homework completion consistency
- Classroom participation rates
- Student engagement scores
- Content retention assessments
- Learning strategy implementation
Social-Emotional Metrics
Standardized Assessments:
- School climate surveys
- Emotional regulation scales
- Anxiety and depression inventories
- Social skills rating systems
- Resilience measures
- Executive function assessments
Behavioral Indicators:
- Attendance patterns
- Disciplinary referrals
- Nurse visit frequency
- Counselor referral outcomes
- Peer conflict incidents
- Social engagement observations
Program-Specific Evaluations
Implementation Fidelity:
- Adherence to program protocols
- Session consistency
- Handler skill assessment
- Dog welfare monitoring
- Program adaptation appropriateness
- Documentation completeness
Satisfaction Measures:
- Student feedback surveys
- Parent perception assessments
- Staff evaluation of program value
- Administrative support metrics
- Community partner feedback
- Perceived impact questionnaires
Testimonials from Partner Schools
The impact of therapy dogs is perhaps best captured in the words of those who experience the programs firsthand:
“Our therapy dog program has been transformative for our school culture. We’ve seen measurable improvements in reading scores, but the bigger impact has been on our school climate. Students are more engaged, staff morale is higher, and our building feels more like a community.” — Principal, Jefferson Elementary School
“As a school counselor, having a therapy dog has completely changed how students view coming to my office. Before, there was stigma attached to seeing the counselor. Now, students actually ask to come talk—the dog has been the bridge that makes mental health support more accessible.” — School Counselor, Westridge Middle School
“The data speaks for itself. Since implementing our therapy dog program three years ago, we’ve seen a 27% reduction in chronic absenteeism, a 32% decrease in disciplinary incidents, and significant improvements in our school climate survey results. This program pays dividends far beyond its costs.” — District Superintendent, Oakwood School District
Developing Effective Measurement Systems
To maximize the benefits of therapy dog programs, we recommend implementing these measurement best practices:
Establish Clear Baselines
Before implementing a therapy dog program:
- Collect relevant academic data in target areas
- Administer social-emotional assessments
- Document behavioral metrics
- Survey stakeholders about current climate
- Identify specific areas of concern
- Determine priority outcome measures
Implement Multi-Method Assessment
Throughout the program, utilize diverse assessment approaches:
- Quantitative metrics (test scores, attendance data)
- Qualitative feedback (interviews, open-ended responses)
- Observational data (behavioral changes, interaction patterns)
- Physiological measures where appropriate (stress indicators)
- Comparative analysis (program participants vs. control groups)
- Longitudinal tracking (changes over time)
Regular Assessment Cycles
Maintain consistent evaluation schedules:
- Weekly handler reflection logs
- Monthly progress monitoring
- Quarterly comprehensive reviews
- Annual program evaluation
- Ongoing data collection protocols
- Regular stakeholder feedback opportunities
Program Adaptation Framework
Use measurement data to guide program evolution:
- Identify areas of greatest impact
- Recognize implementation challenges
- Adjust protocols based on findings
- Expand successful elements
- Address gaps in service delivery
- Refine targeting of students most likely to benefit
Conclusion
The research is clear: therapy dogs can make a measurable, significant impact on educational outcomes across multiple dimensions. From improved reading performance to enhanced emotional regulation, reduced stress to increased school connectedness, these programs deliver benefits that extend far beyond the immediate joy they bring.
At School Dogs LLC, we’re committed to not just implementing therapy dog programs but measuring their impact rigorously. Through this evidence-based approach, we help schools demonstrate the tangible value of their therapy dog initiatives and continuously improve their effectiveness.
The most successful therapy dog programs combine the science-backed benefits with systematic implementation and regular assessment. By approaching these programs with the same rigor we apply to other educational interventions, we can maximize their positive impact on students, staff, and entire school communities.
For schools considering therapy dog programs, remember that measurement isn’t an afterthought—it should be integrated into program design from the beginning. With proper implementation and evaluation, therapy dogs can become not just beloved school community members but proven contributors to educational success.
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